Clinical Information

Amino acids are the basic structural units that comprise proteins and are found throughout the body. Many inborn errors of amino acid metabolism have been identified, including glutaric acidemia type 1, which affect other metabolic activities. Amino acid disorders can manifest at any time in a person's life, but most become evident in infancy or early childhood. These disorders result in the accumulation or the deficiency of 1 or more amino acids in biological fluids, which leads to the clinical signs and symptoms of the particular amino acid disorder.

Tryptophan is an essential amino acid necessary for the synthesis of serotonin, melatonin, and niacin. Low plasma concentrations of tryptophan have been associated with clinical observations of insomnia, anxiety, and depression.

Glutaric acidemia type 1 is an autosomal recessive disorder of tryptophan and lysine metabolism caused by a deficiency of glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase. Early diagnosis and treatment are essential to help prevent encephalopathic crises leading to brain degeneration. These can be provoked by infections, trauma, fever, and fasting. Treatment consists of preventing neurodegeneration through L-carnitine supplementation and strict adherence to an emergency protocol. Dietary protein, particularly lysine and tryptophan, is restricted during the vulnerable period of brain development from 0 to 5 years of age. In addition to other indices of malnutrition, the measurement of plasma concentration of tryptophan is used as an indicator of appropriate dietary therapy.